Learn to Code in 3 Months With Harvards Online Courses

Harvard’s â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† course is widely regarded as the best computer science course online and serves as a rigorous starting point for thousands of online students every year. Plus, the course is flexible: there’s an option for you whether you just want to look around, are dedicated to completing every assignment, or want to earn transferable college credit. Here’s some straight talk: â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† is hard. It’s designed for students without previous computer programming experience, but it’s no walk in the park. If you enroll, you can expect to spend 10-20 hours on each of the nine project sets in addition to completing a complex final project. But, if you can dedicate the effort required, you’ll gain tangible skills, have a much more in-depth understanding of computer science and develop a better sense of whether or not this is a field you want to pursue.  Ã‚   Introducing Your Professor, David Malan The course is taught by David Malan, an instructor at Harvard University. Before creating the course and teaching at Harvard, David was the Chief Information Officer for Mindset Media. All of David’s Harvard courses are offered as OpenCourseWare – at no cost to the interested public. The primary instruction in â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† is delivered through David’s videos, which are professionally filmed and often use screens and animation to get the point across. Fortunately, David is both concise and charismatic, making the videos an easy watch for students. (No dry, 2-hours-behind-a-podium lectures here). What You’ll Learn As an introductory course, you’ll learn a little bit of everything. The curriculum is broken down into twelve weeks of intense learning. Each weekly lesson includes an informational video from David Malan (generally filmed with a live student audience). There are also walkthrough videos, in which David directly demonstrates coding processes. Study session review videos are available for students that may be less comfortable with the material and need additional instruction in order to complete the problem sets. Videos and transcripts of videos can be downloaded and watched at your convenience. Lessons introduce students to: binary, algorithms, Boolean expressions, arrays, threads, Linux, C, cryptography, debugging, security, dynamic memory allocation, compiling, assembling, File I/O, hash tables, trees, HTTP, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL, JavaScript, Ajax, and dozens of other topics. You won’t finish the course as a fluent programmer, but you’ll have a solid understanding of how programming languages work. What You’ll Do One of the reasons â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† has been so successful is that it gives students the opportunity to apply what they’re learning while they’re learning it. In order to complete the course, students must successfully finish 9 problem sets. Students begin creating simple programs from the very first week. The instructions for completing the problem sets are extremely detailed and even feature extra help videos from past students (proudly wearing their black â€Å"I took CS50† t-shirts for solidarity with the currently-struggling). The final requirement is a self-guided project. Students can choose to create any type of software using the skills and programming languages they’ve learned throughout the course. Enrolled students submit their final project to an online fair – after the class is over, projects are shared through a website for peers to see what everyone else has been up to. Students needing extra assistance can work with Harvard tutors online for $50 an hour. Did You Want a Certificate With That? Whether you just want to take a peek at the course or want to earn college credit, â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† has an option to help you get started coding. EdX is the easiest way to access course materials at your own pace. You can sign up for free to audit the course, with full access to videos, instructions, etc. You can also opt to donate $90 or more for a Verified Certificate of Achievement upon completion of all coursework. This can be listed on a resume or used in a portfolio, but will not give you college credit. You can also view course materials on CS50.tv, YouTube, or iTunes U. Alternatively, you can take the same online course through Harvard Extension School for about $2050. Through this more traditional online program, you will enroll with a cohort of students during the Spring or Fall semester, meet deadlines, and earn transferable college credit upon completion of the course.

Comparing Theodor Adorno And Jurgen Habermas - 1593 Words

Theodor Adorno and Jurgen Habermas were both members of the German Frankfurt School (Frankfurter Schule). Explain why these figures figure so largely in media studies, what these theorists had in common and what separated them, especially in terms of ideas on political economy? With the controversial increase in the concentration of media ownership in the UK over the past thirty years there is no wonder that Neo-Marxist critical theory has become more prominent in the examination and study of media. Theodor Adorno and Jurgen Habermas, members of the German Frankfurt School, both apply Marxist Hegelian basis in their critiques of media and its interaction with the public. This essay explores why Adorno and Habermas figure so largely in†¦show more content†¦Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1965). A decline in popularity of this movement suggests that what Adorno is posing is in fact of great importance specifically when analysing media and entertainment trends. Habermas however theorises the idea that there is an existence of a public sphere, which is essentially a ‘made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state’ (Habermas, J., Lawrence, F. and Burger, T. The structural transformation of the public sphere. Cambridge, MASS: The MIT Press 1989). This public sphere, through act of assembly ‘generates opinions and attitudes which serve to affirm the affairs of state’ (Media-studies.ca, 2017) and is required to ‘legitimate authority in any functioning democracy’ (Habermas, J., Lawrence, F. and Burger, T. The structural transformation of the public sphere. Cambridge, MASS: The MIT Press 1989). Habermas also commented upon how there has been a creation of a bourgeois public sphere which is separate from the public as citizens became more concerned with consumerism and less with political matters, therefore distancing themselves from this new public sphere. In turn the media developed from a means of citizens gaining information on politics and society into a medium of advertising and a method of political forces which resulted in a less public inclusive public sphere. The idea of the public sphere is important when examining media practices as through theShow MoreRelated Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities4411 Words   |  18 Pagesto theorize our society critically if we are to have a vehicle for correctly informed transformative practice. The problem is that much of what is called critical theory today is rooted in ideas developed by Herbert Marcuse, Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, and Georg Lukacs. What I want to argue here is that their work has tended to formulate a particular approach to aesthetic educationand a unique version of a philosophical humanismwhich is then presented as critical theoryagainst the debilitatingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganiz ational democracy: a challenge to managerialism? Destabilized capitalism Employee alienation as the key problem Conclusions 387 392 395 399 401 404 405 408 412 413 414 416 421 Chapter 10 Perspectives and challenges Introduction Comparing the different perspectives A modernist perspective A neomodernist perspective A new-wave perspective A postmodern perspective A reflective perspective A critical theory and psychoanalytic perspective A managerialist perspective The paradigm debate

Character Satire in Chaucers Canterbury Tales - 2302 Words

Satire of the Knight in Prologue and Knights Tale Satire. Satire is a biting literary tool, one that Geoffery Chaucer used liberally when he wrote his Canterbury Tales. Websters New World Dictionary says that satire is the use of ridicule, sarcasm, etc. to attack vices, follies, etc. Using that definition, I think that all of the pilgrims in the Canterbury Tales are satirized to some extent; some of the satirizations are more subtle than others. The Knight is one of the pilgrims that is more subtly satirized. Chaucer satirizes knights and chivalry in two different ways: in the prologue and in the Knights Tale. The first way in the prologue is with the pilgrim Knights character. Chaucer wanted to present a†¦show more content†¦From the texts that I have read from the medieval period, I think that for a medieval person, honor was a combination of being truthful, being polite and decorous, being righteous and having religious integrity. Having a dishonorable knight would be the antithesis of what a good knight should be, and I think that making the knight dishonorable is one of the ways that Chaucer satirizes him. Throughout the entire prologue of the Canterbury Tales, Chacuer uses the idea of having two voices heard. The first voice that is heard is that of the narrator. The narrator is a very naive human being, and is ready to see the good points in even the most rotten of characters. He looks at the Knight, and sees a great guy. After all, the Knight is very well traveled, and has participated in many battles and wars. He thinks the Knight is a good guy. The second voice that is heard is Chaucer. Chaucer is much more worldly, and more sarcastic. It is Chaucers voice that satirizes the characters in the Canterbury Tales. One of his more subtle ways of satirization is by what he doesnt say. In the Nuns section of the prologue (which is obviously a satire), most of the biting satire comes from what Chaucer didnt write. He didnt write that she was kind to poor people; he wrote that she was kind to dogs. The same idea can be applied to the Knight. Chaucer says that the Knight is very courageous, very prudent, and very sage, but he neverShow MoreRelatedGeoffrey Chaucers Use of Characterization Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagescornerstone of literature for centuries. Character presentation can attain any work fame or shame. Geoffrey Chaucer, a pioneer of English Literature’s works carried mass appeal. His best known works appealed to those of all walks of life. Chaucer’s work resulted in mass appeal because it used many forms of characterization to present the characters to the reader. In Geoffrey Chaucer’s Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses thoughts and actions, his word, and satire to characterize The Squire and TheRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer View and Change on Judgement968 Words   |  4 Pagesgender differences, and hypocrisy. He wrote about these problems in a set of tales widely known as The Canterbury Tales. The first is The General Prologue which describes a pilgrimage to Canterbury that many people endure, but on this specific journey, twenty-nine different people travel together to Canterbury. He uses two types of satire to relinquish these opinions, juvenile and horacian. A general definition of satire is saying one thing, but meaning another. The author Cynthia justifies my definitionRead MoreUse Of Satire In Canterbury Tales1301 Words   |  6 PagesChaucer’s Satyric Attack (An analysis of Chaucer’s use of satire to reach his intended audience in his Canterbury Tales) Satire is defined as â€Å"the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues† (Oxford). Another term that people would be more familiar with to describe this would be sarcasm. Language can be utilized in a nasty way, especially when wanting to demoralizeRead MoreChaucers Use of Satire to Reach Specific Audiences857 Words   |  4 Pageson the trip to those destinations. â€Å"The Canterbury Tales†, Chaucer’s unfinished work, was a group of stories about a group on pilgrimage, but the stories did not take place at the destination. These were stories told on the way to Canterbury. They were also very satiric stories. They showed great hypocrisy, and immorality. The stories seemed to have a purpose, and to be pointed towards specific audiences. These audiences would most likely have taken Chaucer’s work as a joke at first, bu t then quicklyRead MoreThe Use Of Satire In The Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1406 Words   |  6 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, using his characters as the mouthpiece for his iconoclastic views. Chaucer had serious issues with the hypocrisy of the church as well as, many other sacred institutions. The only reason that Chaucer was not exiled or even imprisoned for his views is the way in which he exposed them. Through the allegorical meanings of this text and Chaucer’s claim that he is simply retelling the events of his pilgrimage to Canterbury as it occurred, Chaucer is savedRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales2103 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Satirist. 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By Chaucers time, however, the powerful estate structure had begun to wear down. Weaknesses in the system became apparent, as many people, such as ChaucerRead More Character Rank In Society in The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales can be understood as a Chaucerian satire according many readers. Chaucer sets out to deliberately upset the social order present at that time and to mock the faults present in the characters. Although he baffles about the complexity of the characters, Chaucer also praises and condemns characters for their unique qualities. Chaucer further gives us feedback of what actions the characters are taking in their lives. Man y of the pilgrims are headed off to Canterbury, to worshipRead MoreSatire of the Knight in the Prologue and Knights Tale of The Canterbury Tales2192 Words   |  9 PagesSatire. Satire is a biting literary tool, one that Geoffery Chaucer used liberally when he wrote his Canterbury Tales. Websters New World Dictionary says that satire is the use of ridicule, sarcasm, etc. to attack vices, follies, etc. Using that definition, I think that all of the pilgrims in the Canterbury Tales are satirized to some extent; some of the satirizations are more subtle than others. The Knight is one of the pilgrims that is more subtly satirized. Chaucer satirizes knightsRead MoreWomen In Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales1288 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† is a collection of stories written between 1387 and 1400 about a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury (England) and on their way, they tell stories to each other about their lives and experiences. The stories constitute a critique of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church, while women seem to be presented in a different way than they are in other contemporary works. The aim of this essay is to present

Illegal Immigrants Cause High Unemployment in Califorina...

California is one of the United States’ largest producers of agricultural goods. As a result, there has always been a demand for more labor to meet the quantity demanded. In order to fill the demand for labor, workers from Mexico or other countries south of the United States border crossed the border into California illegally, hoping to find work. In other cases, citizens from other countries will apply for visas in the United States and then overstay their visas. These workers become undocumented migrant workers, roaming from farm to farm, hoping that they can make enough money to send home. Farmers hire these workers and pay them illegally with cash. A recent report by Leon F. Bouvier states that â€Å"Since 1979, legal immigrants have†¦show more content†¦As a result, it can be inferred that perhaps undocumented migrant workers benefit California’s economy more than they hurt the economy. There is an increasing number of undocumented immigrants, but field agents and census takers are unable to obtain a semi-accurate count of how many undocumented immigrants actually exist in the United States. These immigrants often hide from government officials in order to avoid being caught, and subsequently being deported back to their home country. As they are also migrant workers and constantly move around the state from farm to farm, it is also difficult to try and formulate a number of how many illegal or undocumented immigrants reside in the state of California. (Immigrant and Migrant workers in the Santa Maria Valley, California 2) Therefore, it is difficult to estimate how many jobs the undocumented migrant workers have taken from legal citizens that are looking for work within California’s agricultural sector. A report from the LA times published in 2010 estimates the number of undocumented immigrants residing within California at around 12 million. Although it is d ifficult to say whether or not all of these immigrants work in the agriculture sector, it is apparent that these immigrants have a large impact on California’s economy. People assume that undocumented workers are taking

Demonstration of the Policy Issues †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Demonstration of the Policy Issues? Answer: Introduction The guidelines for Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Clinical Practices in New South Wales are also termed as the withdrawal from detoxification. The formulation of the policy is considered as the best practices to ensure the treatment of withdrawal. The detoxification emerges drugs or alcohol affects the human health to the severe point (Cooney et al., 2015). The policy implementation addresses the problems created due to the poly-drug uses. These guidelines are needed to be adopted to eliminate the drug consumption behaviour. Hospitals, specialist withdrawal services, community health services, and psychiatric units need to adopt these guidelines. The guidelines are in fact updated to ensure the future improvements. It can be predicted that the drug withdrawal may occur in the acute care setting (Barr et al., 2013). However, the study aims to focus on the assistance of three broader groups of clinicians for managing the people who are much dependent on drugs. The withdrawals are needed t o be adopted by The outpatient and inpatient basis service providers who treat the individuals for drug withdrawal. The nursing home, acute facility centers, and the hospitals need to maintain the guidelines for treating people who have been facing the primary problems and unexpected withdrawal syndrome (Mirijello et al., 2015). The general practitioners,, primary care clinicians, and the non-government agencies also need to follow such guidelines. The paper will discuss the development of the NSW detoxification and the changes are as follows: Detoxification term is eliminated after withdrawal management term is widely accepted. In order to withdrawal the use of opioid (heorin), Buprenorphine is used as the substitute. In fact, the maintenance is also much lower (Wilkinson et al., 2016). In accordance with the recent publication of National Drug Strategy, the chapter containing the uses and withdrawal of psychostimulant will be expanded. In recent literature, the information about the use and withdrawal of Cannabis is discussed. The major aim of such management of withdrawal is to provide the safer approaches to the patients. It has been noted that the policy is essential for reducing the consumption of the alcohol and drugs. The amendments made in the policies are enhancing the knowledge regarding the negative consequences of consuming the excessive amount of the alcohol and drug consumptions (Hildebrand et al., 2013). The service providers of the clinical centers are maintaining these policies to improve the health concerns of the drug addicted people. Moreover, the expansion of the literature knowledge is also much necessary to reduce such alcohol consumption level. The medication is provided to ensure the symptomatic relief (Kelly et al., 2013). It is much helpful in treating the complications and reducing the intensity level of the withdrawal. In fact, the discharge strategies are also needed to be free from the harmful consequences. The agencies are needed to be referred. The further study will provide the analysis of the study with the proper implication of the effective and intense care of the people after the withdrawal process (Smirk et al., 2014). The policy document is formulated to provide the significant opportunity planning, engaging, and coordinating the post-withdrawal care. It has been seen that the sudden withdrawal of the drugs and alcohol may affect the health of the addict. It has been observed that the withdrawal process succeeds when there is another treatment adopted by the clinical service providers. It is necessary to keep the record of the accurate history of each drug. The policies are formulated to provide some of the substitutes instead of consuming drugs (Harrison et al., 2016). The main focus of imposing such policies is to provide the proper safety approaches to the patients. It even provides many economical options for managing these patients even. The management needs to provide the frequent observation of the patients. The amendments made in the policy formulation to enhance the literature based information among the population. The medical practices, acute facility care centers, and the clinical prac titioners need to maintain the guidelines of the policies (Pidd, Kostadinov Roche, 2016). Accordingly, it would be easier to understand the necessity of implementing the policy. The guidelines are in fact updated to ensure the future improvements. The supportive care is introduced for minimizing the environmental stimuli. The strategies are also developed for helping the patients from protecting from the post-withdrawal suffering. It is essential to formalize the proper treatment agreement with the patient. This agreement is sometimes handwritten and it is not supposedly used in a punitive manner. Policy Analysis Demonstration of the Policy Issues It is to be indicated that the withdrawal management process is generally undertaken to provide the adequate and supports to the patients by maintaining proper safety parameter. It makes an individual realize the optimal ongoing strategy. It has been noted that when a person is completely addicted to the drug, sudden withdrawal process may create severe health risks for the patients (Clough et al., 2016). The withdrawal management is thus needed to be based on the proper risk mitigation process. There are some of the significant policy issues identified and these issues are discussed below: Despite of the remarkable opportunities derived from the withdrawal management, the primary goal is to provide the safer approaches to the patients. It focuses more on the patients safety than the long term abstinence. Even though the withdrawal management has the doubts on the long term abstinence, it should not be withheld from the patients or other people (Manton Moore, 2016). It is important to pay the focus on the supportive care. The choice of the patient is the first thing that is needed to be considered by the clinical practitioners. The supportive care needs to be associated with the proper attention of the peoples environment. Transferring information and reassuring the informed reports are the major actions that are needed to be undertaken (Larney et al., 2016). The healthcare practitioners need to provide more concentration on the assistance and anxiety. It is notified that the withdrawal syndrome is appropriately provided to the patient. The supportive care may even range from specific medication to the counseling process. One of the integral parts of the treatment is to structure the plan and maintain the coordination of the post-withdrawal care. Influence on the Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Policy It is to be indicated that there are some of the significant factors that have the clear influence on the withdrawal policy implementation process. Both the individual and the environmental influences are considered as the outcome of the problems. It is to be stated that when the treatment and the drug prevention completely depend on the frequently changing behaviour of the individuals. If the changes are not made to the environment, such factors do not create any difference. Hence, it is noted that the social determinants are much visible in regards to the use of the drugs and alcohol. It is important to state that the western society has been facing the repeated changes. There is the huge concern associated with the society based institutions. The situation may lead to the different psychological problems. The paper even discusses about the structural interventions and the social determinants of using drugs. The influence of the environment on the consumption level of drugs is much considerable. In fact, some of the psychological factors are also influencing the withdrawal policies the past experience of the withdrawal may prevent the policy implementation process. Even due to the fears of withdrawal is also ensuring hazardous situations for the policy implementation approaches. The policies are formulated to provide some of the substitutes instead of consuming drugs. The main focus of imposing such policies is to provide the proper safety approaches to the patients (Harrison et al., 2016). It even provides many economical options for managing these patients even. The management needs to provide the frequent observation of the patients. The stability accommodation, supports from family and friends and access to the proper transport. One of the major issues found in the social aspect is the emergence of the domestic violence. Most of the changes in the behaviour occur due to the consumptions of the drugs and alcohol. It is quite a risk factor since it may create the domestic violence or children abuse. The policy implementation is thus much influenced by such social issues. Evidence of critical discussion and analysis Objectives and goals Goal 1: Educate and empower Australia's childhood to dismiss unlawful drugs and in addition alcohol and tobacco (Ritter, McLeod Shanahan, 2013). Instruct custodians and other parental figures, mentors, educators, wellbeing experts, church and professional and group pioneers to aid youth dismiss unlawful drugs, and juvenile alcohol and tobacco utilize. Follow an enthusiastic promoting and open interchanges program managing the risks of unlawful drugs, tobacco and alcohol consumption by youth. Endorse zero resistance programs for youth in regards to the utilization of unlawful drugs, tobacco and alcohol inside the school, family, working environment, and group. Offer understudies in evaluations K-12 with drugs, tobacco and alcohol avoidance projects and plans that are enquiry based. Back guardians and grown-up coaches in urging youth to participate in productive, comprehensive ways of life and displaying behavior to be imitated by youths. Inspire and help the advancement of group alliances and projects in forestalling underage alcohol, drug abuse and tobacco utilize. Form associations with the media, media outlet, and expert games associations to dodge the glamorization, supporting, or standardization of unlawful drugs and the utilization of tobacco and alcohol by youth. Cultivate and execute an arrangement of research-construct standards whereupon counteractive action programming could be founded. Upkeep and emphasize on inquire about, counting the advancement of logical data, to educate drugs, tobacco and alcohol aversion programs focusing on youthful Australians. Goal 2: Upsurge the wellbeing of Australia's nationals by generously diminishing drug-related wrongdoing and brutality (Teesson, Newton Barrett, 2012). Reinforce law requirement counting government, state, and local drug teams to battle drug-related savagery, disturb felonious associations and capture and indict the pioneers of illicit drug groups. Advance the capacity of High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTAs) to counteract drug trading. Aid law requirement to disturb illegal tax avoidance and take hold of and relinquish criminal resources. Breakdown the sequence of drug exploitation and wrongdoing. Upkeep and emphasize on explore, counting the advancement of logical data and data, to educate law implementation, arraignment, detainment, and handling of guilty parties required with illicit drugs. Goal 3: Diminish wellbeing and communal expenses to the general population of illicit drug utilize (Lancaster, Sutherland Ritter, 2014). Upkeep and advance successful, productive, and available drug management, guaranteeing the improvement of a framework that is receptive to developing patterns of drug exploitation. Lessen drug-related medical issues, with an accentuation on irresistible maladies. Endorse nationwide reception of without drug working environment lineups that stress a complete package that incorporates: drug testing, training, anticipation, and intercession. Upkeep and advance the instruction, preparing, and credentialing of experts who grind with substance addicts. Upkeep and emphasize on investigation and innovation, counting the securing and examination of logical information, to lessen the wellbeing and social expenses of unlawful drug utilize. Upkeep and disperse logical investigation and information on the results of authorizing drugs. Goal 4: Break outside and household drug wellsprings of supply (Maclennan et al., 2012). Yield a net diminishment in the overall development of opium, coca and weed and in the generation of other illicit drugs, particularly methamphetamine. Interrupt and destroy significant worldwide drug trading associations and capture, arraign, and imprison their pioneers. Upkeep and supplement source nation drug controller endeavors and reinforce source nation radical will and drug controller capacities. Cultivate and bolster two-sided, territorial, and multilateral activities and assemble global authoritative endeavors in contradiction of all parts of illicit drug generation, trading, and abuse. Indorse universal policies and regulations that hinder tax evasion and encourage hostile to illegal tax avoidance examinations and in addition seizure and relinquishment of related resources. Upkeep and highpoint investigation and innovation, counting the advancement of logical information, to decrease the overall stock of unlawful drugs. Decision Parameters The terms "substance" and "alcohol and other drugs" are in light of present circumstances proposed to cover alcohol, tobacco, professionally embraced drugs, and over-the-counter courses of action, unlawful drugs, solvents, inhalants and other psychoactive drugs. Notwithstanding the way that these terms do dismiss addictions that do reject the utilization of alcohol or assorted drugs (e.g., betting, pigging out, and so on.), the same supervising standards may apply to policies concerning every single addictive direct (Johnson, ParkinsonParsell, 2012). The progress of substance abuse policies can be beneficially seen inside the setting of thriving movement. As appeared by this viewpoint, a focal focus of open policy is to advance and general certification Policies will be ideal in the event that they bolster and are kept up by the other general approach, particularly, course. Flourishing progress and killing action structures, including policies, must react to the social, success, criminogenic and budgetary hazard portions related to substance abuse issues, and will be more achievable to the degree that they join ordinary and get-together affiliations (Lancaster, Ritter Stafford, 2013). Substance abuse ought to be seen as an appearance of social and individual issues and not equivalently as a clarification of such issues. Despite the route that there are obviously separates among people as to deficiency, substance abuse is industriously enmeshed in individual, social and societal segments, for example, neediness, unemployment, family brokenness, disengagement and individual qualities. Alternatives Most addicts will endeavour to self-detox in the end. Truly it will from time to time be a string of fizzled self-detox endeavours that leads individuals to enter recovery in any case. The individual goes to the assertion that they fundamentally don't appear to be able to make just it. Several individuals do comprehend how to end their addiction with no help, yet that are clear issues related to this choice (Strang et al., 2012). As outlined above there can be perils related with going just it. On the off chance that the individual detoxes alone then there are recommendation for how to they may approach this, for example, If the side effects break apart past smooth hopelessness, the individual ought to be set up to look for offer assistance It is uncommonly embraced that the person, at any rate, gets a remedial choice before starting a self-detox. A family master will be able to evaluate the present thriving state in order to pick whether a self-detox will be sharp. The individual ought to at any rate guarantee that a family or companion will be around to screen them. In the event that the condition starts to decay this individual ought to have no dithering about getting help (Moodie et al., 2013). Conclusion The study analyses the withdrawal policy implementation for reducing the consumption level of the drugs and alcohol. The policy implementation addresses the problems created due to the poly-drug uses. These guidelines are needed to be adopted to eliminate the drug consumption behaviour. Hospitals, specialist withdrawal services, community health services, and psychiatric units need to adopt these guidelines. The use of the substitute medications and the therapeutic treatment would be beneficial for treating the patients with proper care and safety. The major focus of this policy is to improve the safer approaches and provide the proper supportive care to the people who are quite addicted to the drugs and alcohol. It is quite true that the sudden shifts to the withdrawal policies are sometimes much risky. However, it is essential to enhance the supportive care to minimize the risks. It has been noted that when a person is completely addicted to the drug, sudden withdrawal process may create severe health risks for the patients. The withdrawal management is thus needed to be based on the proper risk mitigation process. The policies are formulated to provide some of the substitutes instead of consuming drugs. The main focus of imposing such policies is to provide the proper safety approaches to the patients. It even provides many economical options for managing these patients even. The management needs to provide the frequent observation of the patients. a focal focus of open policy is to advance and general certification success. Policies will be ideal in the event that they bolster and are kept up by the other general approach, particularly, course. The supportive care needs to be associated w ith the proper attention of the peoples environment. Transferring information and reassuring the informed reports are the major actions that are needed to be undertaken. The focus on such strategic approach is essential to determine the minimization of the emerging risks. The study concludes with the frequent observation process to reduce the health related risks of the people who are consuming the drugs and alcohol excessively. The sudden changes in the policies may create the initial hazards. The amendments made in the policy formulation to enhance the literature based information among the population. The medical practices, acute facility care centers, and the clinical practitioners need to maintain the guidelines of the policies. Accordingly, it would be easier to understand the necessity of implementing the policy. The guidelines are in fact updated to ensure the future improvements. It can be predicted that the drug withdrawal may occur in the acute care setting. It has been noted that when a person is completely addicted to the drug, sudden withdrawal process may create severe health risks for the patients. Identification of such issues and en suring the supportive care for the patients would be much helpful to promote the mental health References Barr, J., Fraser, G. L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E. W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J. F., ... Coursin, D. B. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit.Critical care medicine,41(1), 263-306. Clough, A. R., Margolis, S. A., Miller, A., Shakeshaft, A., Doran, C. M., McDermott, R., ... Robertson, J. A. (2016). Alcohol control policies in Indigenous communities: a qualitative study of the perceptions of their effectiveness among service providers, stakeholders and community leaders in Queensland (Australia).International Journal of Drug Policy,36, 67-75. Cooney, N. L., Litt, M. D., Sevarino, K. A., Levy, L., Kranitz, L. S., Sackler, H., Cooney, J. L. (2015). Concurrent alcohol and tobacco treatment: Effect on daily process measures of alcohol relapse risk.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,83(2), 346. Harrison, C., Charles, J., Miller, G. C., Britt, H. (2016). Chronic alcohol abuse.Australian family physician,45(12), 858. Hildebrand, J., Maycock, B., Howat, P., Burns, S., Allsop, S., Dhaliwal, S., Lobo, R. (2013). Investigation of alcohol-related social norms among youth aged 1417 years in Perth, Western Australia: protocol for a respondent-driven sampling study.BMJ open,3(10), e003870. Johnson, G., Parkinson, S., Parsell, C. (2012). Policy shift or program drift? Implementing Housing First in Australia.American Journal of Psychiatry,149(6), 816-823. Kelly, P. J., Hitsman, B., Bonevski, B., Baker, A., Ciecierski, C. C., Kang, J., ... Siahpush, M. (2013). Multiple health risk behaviours. Lancaster, K., Ritter, A., Stafford, J. (2013). Public opinion and drug policy in Australia: Engaging the affected community.Drug and alcohol review,32(1), 60-66. Lancaster, K., Sutherland, R., Ritter, A. (2014). Examining the opinions of people who use drugs towards drug policy in Australia.Drugs: education, prevention and policy,21(2), 93-101. Larney, S., Zador, D., Sindicich, N., Dolan, K. (2016). A qualitative study of reasons for seeking and ceasing opioid substitution treatment in prisons in New South Wales, Australia.Drug and Alcohol Review. Maclennan, B., Kypri, K., Langley, J., Room, R. (2012). Non-response bias in a community survey of drinking, alcohol-related experiences and public opinion on alcohol policy.Drug and alcohol dependence,126(1), 189-194. Manton, E., Moore, D. (2016). Gender, intoxication and the developing brain: Problematisations of drinking among young adults in Australian alcohol policy.International Journal of Drug Policy,31, 153-162. Mirijello, A., DAngelo, C., Ferrulli, A., Vassallo, G., Antonelli, M., Caputo, F., ... Addolorato, G. (2015). Identification and management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.Drugs,75(4), 353-365. Moodie, R., Stuckler, D., Monteiro, C., Sheron, N., Neal, B., Thamarangsi, T., ... Lancet NCD Action Group. (2013). Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries.The Lancet,381(9867), 670-679. Pidd, K., Kostadinov, V., Roche, A. (2016). Do workplace policies work? An examination of the relationship between alcohol and other drug policies and workers substance use.International Journal of Drug Policy,28, 48-54. Ritter, A., McLeod, R., Shanahan, M. (2013).Government drug policy expenditure in Australia-2009/10. Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. Smirk, C. L., Bowman, E., Doyle, L. W., Kamlin, C. O. F. (2014). How long should infants at risk of drug withdrawal be monitored after birth?.Journal of paediatrics and child health,50(5), 352-355. Strang, J., Babor, T., Caulkins, J., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. (2012). Drug policy and the public good: evidence for effective interventions.The Lancet,379(9810), 71-83. Teesson, M., Newton, N. C., Barrett, E. L. (2012). Australian school?based prevention programs for alcohol and other drugs: A systematic review.Drug and Alcohol Review,31(6), 731-736. Wilkinson, S. T., van Schalkwyk, G. I., Davidson, L., DSouza, D. C. (2016). The formation of marijuana risk perception in a population of substance abusing patients.Psychiatric quarterly,87(1), 177-187.

Assignment 3 to Assignment 10

Questions: Assignment 3 Identify the following terms International Law. public international law private international law multilateral treaty bilateral treaty convention state recognition Assignment 4 Prepare a case summary of Sei Fujii vs. State of California Assignment 5 Prepare a case summary of Gibbons vs. Ogden which may be found online Assignment 8 Write a 1-2 page essay about the CISG? When and how does it apply and when does it not apply? Assignment 9 Go to the Texas Secretary of State website and obtain the form necessary to create a new Texas Corporation. Fill out the form with the appropriate information for a fictional corporation and attach hereto. Assignment 10 Write a 1 to 1 1/2 page paper explaining the advantages of a Texas LLC? How would it benefit a new business? Answers: Assignment 3: 1. International Law: International law can be referred as the set of rules that are generally accepted and regarded as binding in the relations between the nations and between the states. The international law provides the framework for the organised international relations and the stable practice within the nations or states. It can be said that the legal system of the state can differ from the international law. The governance of international law is basically consent-based and others are obligatory (Allen, 2013). 2. Public International Law: Public international law is concerned with the conduct and the structure of the sovereign states. The public international law governs the relationship between the international entities and the states. There are several legal fields that are included in the law such as international humanitarian law or the laws of war, international criminal law, law of sea, treaty law, and the international human rights law (Wallace Martin-Ortega, 2013). 3. Private International Law: Private international law can be referred as the legal framework that is composed of case law, uniform documents, legal guides, model laws, protocols, conventions, practice and customs as well as instruments and documents that can regulate the relationships between the individuals in the international context (Shaw, 2003). It is also referred as the conflict of laws and it is concerned with the relations across various legal jurisdictions between corporate entities or individuals. 4. ultilateral Treaties: A multilateral treaty can be referred as the treaty among three or more sovereign state parties. There are certain obligations that are maintained by each sovereign state party. Some of the examples of the multilateral treaties are Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Geneva Convention, and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea etc (Wallace Martin-Ortega, 2013). 5. Bilateral Treaties: A bilateral treaty can be referred as the treaty that is conducted strictly between two state parties. The two parties can be two international organisations, to states or one international organisation and one state. It is also referred as the contractual treaty (Wallace Martin-Ortega, 2013). A bilateral treaty can become a multilateral treaty if new parties are added in the treaty. 6. Convention: The convention can be referred as the formal meeting of the political parties, delegates, representatives and the professionals. It is the formal assembly of the delegates and various representatives for discussing a specific issue or matter that is a common concern matter. 7. State: State is basically referred as the organised community that lives under the same government and under certain rules and regulations. Some of the states have sovereignty and these states are members of federal union. There can also be secular branches of government within the states like the civilian institutes and the churches (Shaw, 2003). The states govern the human societies and various rules and regulations are also implemented in order maintain the law within the state. In recent years, the nation-state framework is predominant in the society. 8. Recognition: Recognition can be referred as the process where various facts gain the legal status after being accepted by the law. Acquisition of a territory and sovereignty over the region, statehood etc can be considered under the function of recognition (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). Conforming to the statehood criteria is a political one and after recognition, the acknowledgement of sovereignty is also made. In case of statehood, the international recognition is also very important according to the declaratory theory of recognition. In case of recognition, an already existing situation or fact is accepted or conformed (Fabry, 2013). Assignment 4: Case Summary of SeiFujii vs. State of California: Here the case summary of SeiFujii vs. State of California can be presented. The case was held in an intermediate appellate court where it was stated that the violation of the alien land law occurred in terms of the human rights provisions of the United Nations Charter and thus the decision was reversed (Justia Law, 2015). In the State Supreme Court, the State of California appealed regarding the ownership of the land. The racial discrimination was prohibited in the 14th Amendment of the US constitution and thus the invalidity of the California alien law was established. In 1948, Mr. Fuji purchased a real estate property in California. Under the US naturalisation law, Mr. Fuji was ineligible for citizenship in the USA. Mr. Fuji bought the land, under the California alien land law and thus he appealed to the court stating if the US constitution is violated by the California law (Justia Law, 2015). In such circumstances, the United Nations Charter will be applicable automatically. So the main issue was regarding the validity of the alien land law of California. The provisions of the preamble states in Article 1, that there is conflict between the alien land law and the UN Charter. Whether the treaty is self-executing or not, it is determined by applying the rules. It is also evident that the standing alone can be enforced in the court but the treaties cannot supersede the local laws unless they are self-executing. It is requested by the UN Charter that observance of human rights are promoted with fundamental freedom and they should be consistent with t he laws. According to the 14th amendment of the US Constitution it is accepted that the there is violation in the law (Scocal.stanford.edu, 2015). It was also contended that if the alien residents possess the land then there is no indication of any form of dangerous to the interests of the state. It was also contended that there was no indication of the wrongful use of the land in terms injuring the welfare, safety or the morals of the public. The designing and the administration of the California law is done as an instrument that can resolve the cases of racial discrimination. Assignment 5: Case Summary of Gibbons vs. Ogden: Here the case summary of the Gibbons vs. Ogden can be provided. It was one of the famous cases where landmark decision was made where the power was held by the United States Supreme Court for regulating interstate commerce. The power was granted by the United States Constitutions Commerce Clause and it encompassed the navigation power. Some of the United States most capable and admired attorneys argued the case. Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston were granted the exclusive rights by the New York for the steam boat navigation on the waters of New York State. They also petitioned territorial and states legislature for the same monopolies in the line of steamboats. However the petition was accepted by only Orleans Territory (Lawnix.com, 2015). Ogden was assigned the rights by Livingston to navigate between various ports of New Jersey and New York. Three years later the partnership collapsed. Aaron Ogden filed a complaint in the New York court for restraining Thomas Gibbons from navigating on those waters. It was contended by the lawyer of Ogden that some laws were passed by the states on the interstate issues and a concurrent power should be fully owned by the state on such matters for executing the right decisions. Daniel Webster, the lawyer of Gibbons argued that according to Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress had the exclusive national power over the interstate commerce and there can be contradictions and confusions in the local regulation policies if argued otherwise (Lawnix.com, 2015). The Court of Errors of New York and the Court of Chancery of New York found in favour of the Ogden. An injunction for the restriction of Gibbons was issued in terms of operating the boats. Afterwards, Gibbons applied in the Supreme Court and he presented the same arguments contending the fact of conflicts between the federal law and the monopoly. The case was delayed for some period and afterwards the meaning of the commerce clause was discussed in 1824 and at that time the issue had become of a greater and wider interest. The U.S. Supreme Court made his decision in the favour of Gibbons. The main argument of the power of the Congress was in terms of the Commerce Clause. But it was also held in court that commerce can be more than mere traffic. Here a broader definition included the navigation as well. The case was very important as the case marked the start of a 40-year period of history where the ability of the federal government was limited by the Supreme Court. Under the Commerce Clause, the Supreme Court changed the federal authority clause. Thus the case was significant due to such reasons. Assignment 6: Case Summary of Worldwide Volkswagen vs. Woodson: Worldwide Volkswagen Corp vs. Woodson was a United States Supreme Court case involving various considerations and procedural issues and strict product liability. The case brief can be given here. Kay and Harry Robinson bought a new Audi 100 LS in 1976 from Seaway Volkswagen from New York. The following year the Audi was struck y a drunk driver from the rear the following year when Kay Robinson passed through Oklahoma to Arizona. The collision did not injure any of the Robinsons but the door of the Audi jammed due to the crash and thus it was shut and it also resulted in a gas tank puncture (Lawnix.com, 2015). Due to the gas leak, Kay Robinson and her two children Sam and Eva were severely burned and trapped in the car. The Robinson family did not sued the drunk driver as he had no asset or insurance but they sued the manufacturers of the car, stating that the product was defective and that is the main reason for the injuries of the family especially the location of the gas tank that was just below the trunk and it increased the chances of puncture and gas leak. The Robinson family sued the Audi manufacturer and also Volkswagen (importer) along with Worldwide Volkswagen Corp. (regional distributor) and Seaway Volkswagen (retailer dealer). The lawsuit was filed in the Creek County, Oklahoma. When the defendants of the case were brought they stated that limitations on states jurisdiction will be offended if Oklahoma exercise personal jurisdiction over them according to the Constitution of the United States. So they asked to be removed from the lawsuit (Lawnix.com, 2015). The constitutional claim of Seaway and Worldwide was rejected by the district court whereas the Supreme Court reversed the decision and stated the Oklahoma did not have the jurisdiction over Worldwide and Seaway. Assignment 7 The rule of strict liability is the standard for incurring liability either in the civil or criminal context. According to this rule, any person should be made liable for any damage caused by such acts of the person regardless of the fact that any negligence or fault on the part of such person. In the tort law, the imposition of strict liability depends on the evidence of the occurrence of tort given by the claimant that makes the defendant liable. This rule of strict liability was established by the House of Lords in the case of Rylands v Fletcher (Rylands v Fletcher, 1868). Negligence on the other hand, refers to the failure of any person to exercise due care which any other reasonable man under similar circumstances would have exercised. The law of negligence was illustrated in the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson (Donoghue v. Stevenson, 1932) , where the House of Lords stated that reasonable foreseeable harm needs to be compensated. According to the rule of strict liability, the plaintiff only is required to prove that the damage has occurred due to the defendant. It is not necessary for the plaintiff to prove that the defendant did not take due care to avoid the act. Even if the defendant had taken proper care, he would be liable for the damage under this rule (gmu, n.d.). However, in the case of negligence, there are three steps to prove the defendant was liable. Firstly the plaintiff has to prove that damage has occurred. Secondly, he has to prove that the defendant had a duty to care under the given circumstances and finally it is to be proved that the damage was caused due to the negligent act of the defendant. Also the standard to contributory negligence is also taken into account when the plaintiff has contributed to the negligent act of the defendant. Hence the defenses available for a defendant are more under the rule of negligence than under the rule o strict liability. Assignment 8 The term CISG refers to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The primary objective of the CISG is to give new, consistent and just regime for the contracts in the sphere of international sale of goods. Hence this convention makes significant contribution to the introduction of certainty in the commercial exchanges and also decreases transaction costs (Ferrari, 2012). The contract of sale is an extremely essential part of international trade in most countries regardless of the level of tradition or economic development. For this reason the CISG is considered as the core conventions of international trade law and it is desired that all countries adopt this convention. This convention was the consequence of the legislative efforts which began during the twentieth century. The text of the convention was such that it balanced the interests of the buyers and sellers and further reformed the contract laws at the national level. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods generally applies to the contracts for international sale of goods when the private international law rules apply to the laws of the contracting state or when the contractual parties opt for these regulations not considering their nationality or place of business. In the last situation, the CISG would assist by providing a neutral body of rules which can be easily accepted due to the transnational nature and the available interpretative materials. The contracts for international sales of goods between private businesses are governed by the CSIG. However, the sales relating to customers or the sale of services or sale of some specific kind of goods are excluded in this regard. The convention does apply to contracts of sale between parties whose place of business is in different contracting countries. Further the Convention applies by virtue of the choice of the parties. The validity of the contract or the effects of the contract on the property in the sold goods which are essential factors in relation to the international sale of goods are not included in the scope of the Convention. The CISG also deals with the formation of the contract and the conditions of offer and acceptance. Another essential part of the Convention deals with the obligations of the parties to the contract. Among the duties of the sellers the duty to deliver goods in accordance with the quality and quantity is incorporated. It also includes the transfer of property in the goods and other required documents. The duties of the buyer comprises of payment of the price, taking the delivery etc. Additionally, this portion of the Convention also includes common rules relating to the remedies in case of any breach. The party which has suffered damage might claim damages, performance, part performance or avoidance of the contract. Further rules include the passing of risk, damages, exemption from the performance of the contract or anticipatory breach of contract. The CISG further permits the freedom for the form of the contract. The application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods extends to the international transactions only. It does not include within itself the recourse to the rules of private international law for those contracts that fall within its ambit. The international contracts or contracts with valid choice of other law that are not included in the CISG application will not be in any way affected by the Convention. Further the domestic contracts are also not affected by the Convention. Assignment 10: Benefits of Texas LLC: The limited liability company (LLC) law has been adopted by Texas like every other state in the U.S. Thus the business unit that will operate in Texas will also have the choice of operating under LLC with other traditional choices like corporation, partnership and sole proprietorship. For many small business units LLS can be very attractive choice as it can offer various benefits to the corporation (Residual-rewards.com, 2015). Here it can be said that the limited liability corporations have much more flexibility and they also enjoy the same protection from the creditors and there is also flow-through tax treatment in case of partnership. But the flexibility of the Texas LLC is the most effective quality of the operation. The public support is also given by the state of Texas to the Texas LLC. Here the benefits of the Texas LLC can be provided. Name Protection: In the state of Texas, when a company is registered as a limited liability company, protection is provided to the name chosen of the company as no other company can select the name in the state. The protection of the name can ensure the protection of the image of the brand along with the reputation of the company. Tax Advantages: The business also receives tax benefits after forming an LLC in Texas. The business expenses and the operating cost can be deduced from the businesss gross revenue in a Texas LLC. In the LLC of Texas, the depreciation can also be deduced from the assets of the company Protection of Personal Assets: The business structure of the limited liability company in Texas meets the regulations of the state but the owners and the members of the company also receives the protection. If a lawsuit is filed against the Texas LLC then there is benefit of the protection of the assets of the LLC Company. Secretary of State Support: When a business is registered in the Texas LLC then the business also registers with the state and the company receives the support system of the state. The protection is provided under the set provisions of the Texas Miscellaneous Corporation Laws Act (TMCLA) and the Texas Business Corporation Act (TBCA). Flexibility in the Choices of Profit: It is known that the Federal law sets the business structure of the limited liability company. The state of Texas adopts the same law, allowing the businesses for choosing the business structure of the LLC. Thus there is flexibility of choice as the company can decide on the structure of a partnership or a corporation (Companiesinc.com, 2015). No Requirement of Record keeping: There is no need for the limited liability company in Texas to keep the copious and minute records. Thus these are the main benefits of the Texas LLC. Thus it can be said that if a new business unit tries to open a new business as a Texas LLC then various benefits can be received by the new business unit especially if the business unit intends to add partners in the company. The company can be protected from the lawsuits and debts. The members get the protection from the liability and a multi-tiered ownership is also allowed in the company. The protection of name can establish the brand image of the company in the market which can be very beneficial for the new organisation (Companiesinc.com, 2015). References Allen, S. (2013).International law. Harlow, Essex, England: Pearson Education. Companiesinc.com,. (2015).Texas LLC - Incorporate a Texas Limited Liability Company or LLC. Retrieved 31 January 2015, from https://www.companiesinc.com/llc/texas.asp Encyclopedia Britannica,. (2014).international law :: Recognition. Retrieved 30 January 2015, from https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291011/international-law/233507/Recognition Fabry, M. (2013). Theorizing state recognition.Int. Theory,5(01), 165-170. doi:10.1017/s1752971913000080 Justia Law,. (2015).Sei Fujii v. State of California. Retrieved 30 January 2015, from https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2d/38/718.html Lawnix.com,. (2015).Gibbons v. Ogden Case Brief Summary. Retrieved 30 January 2015, from https://www.lawnix.com/cases/gibbons-ogden.html Lawnix.com,. (2015).World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson Case Brief Summary. Retrieved 31 January 2015, from https://www.lawnix.com/cases/world-wide-volkswagen-woodson.html Residual-rewards.com,. (2015).Texas LLC advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved 31 January 2015, from https://www.residual-rewards.com/texas-llc.html Scocal.stanford.edu,. (2015).Sei Fujii v. State of California - 38 Cal.2d 718 - Thu, 04/17/1952 | California Supreme Court Resources. Retrieved 30 January 2015, from https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/sei-fujii-v-state-california-26246 Shaw, M. (2003).International law. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Wallace, R., Martin-Ortega, O. (2013).International law. London: Sweet Maxwell.